DIABETIC RETINOPATHY What Is Diabetic Retinopathy? Diabetic retinopathy is a condition that occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the retina—the light-sensitive tissue at the back of your eye. It can lead to vision problems and even blindness if not treated. Who Is at Risk? Anyone with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) can develop diabetic retinopathy. Your risk increases if you: Have had diabetes for a long time Have poorly controlled blood sugar Have high blood pressure or high cholesterol Are pregnant Smoke Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy Mild Nonproliferative Retinopathy: Small areas of swelling in blood vessels. Moderate Nonproliferative Retinopathy: Blood vessels become more damaged and may leak. Severe Nonproliferative Retinopathy: More blood vessels are blocked, reducing blood flow to the retina. Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: New, abnormal blood vessels grow, which can bleed or form scar tissue, leading to serious vision problems. Symptoms Early stages often have no symptoms. As it progresses, you might notice: Blurry vision Spots or floaters Dark or empty areas in your vision Difficulty seeing at night Sudden vision loss (in advanced cases) Diagnosis Diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, including: Dilated eye exam (to check retina and blood vessels) Fluorescein angiography (to see blood flow) Optical coherence tomography (OCT) (to detect swelling) Treatment Treatment depends on the stage and severity: Early stages: Better blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol control Advanced stages: Laser therapy (photocoagulation) to seal leaking blood vessels Injections (like anti-VEGF medication) to reduce swelling Vitrectomy surgery to remove blood or scar tissue in the eye Prevention and Eye Health Tips Control blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol Get a dilated eye exam at least once a year Quit smoking Exercise regularly Follow your diabetes care plan

REFRACTIVE ERRORS/ GLASSES What is a Refractive Error? A refractive error happens when the shape of your eye prevents light from focusing correctly on the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). It causes blurry vision and is one of the most common eye problems. Types of Refractive Errors: Myopia (Nearsightedness): You can see nearby objects clearly, but distant objects appear blurry. Hyperopia (Farsightedness): You can see far objects clearly, but nearby ones are blurry. Astigmatism: Vision is blurred at all distances due to an irregular shape of the cornea or lens. Presbyopia: Age-related loss of the eye’s ability to focus on close objects (usually after age 40). What is LASIK Laser Eye Surgery? LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) is a popular type of laser eye surgery used to treat myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. How LASIK Works: A thin flap is made in the cornea (front part of the eye). A laser reshapes the cornea so that light entering the eye focuses properly on the retina. The flap is then placed back in position to heal naturally. Benefits of LASIK: Quick procedure (10–15 minutes per eye) Fast recovery (many patients return to normal activities in 1–2 days) Little or no pain during the procedure Long-lasting results Reduced or eliminated need for glasses or contact lenses Risks & Considerations: Dry eyes Glare, halos, or double vision (especially at night) Undercorrection or overcorrection (may still need glasses) Not suitable for everyone (e.g., thin corneas, certain eye diseases) Before LASIK Surgery: Eye exams and tests to measure corneal thickness, eye shape, and vision. You must stop wearing contact lenses for a few days to weeks before the tests. Discuss your medical history and expectations with your eye doctor. After LASIK Surgery: Use prescribed eye drops to prevent infection and inflammation. Avoid rubbing your eyes. Follow up with your doctor to ensure proper healing. Who Can Get LASIK? You may be a good candidate if: You are 18 years or older Your vision is stable for at least 1 year You have healthy eyes (no infections or major eye diseases) You are not pregnant or breastfeeding Advice: Talk to a qualified eye surgeon to find out if LASIK is right for you. While LASIK has high success rates, like any surgery, it has risks. Make an informed decision based on your lifestyle, eye health, and expectations.

RETINAL DETACHMENT What Is Retinal Detachment? Retinal detachment is a serious eye condition where the retina pulls away from the back of the eye. The retina is a thin layer of nerve tissue that lines the inside of the eye and sends visual signals to the brain. If it detaches, it can no longer work properly — leading to vision loss if not treated quickly. Why Is It Serious? If not treated right away, retinal detachment can lead to: Permanent vision loss Partial or total blindness in the affected eye Symptoms of Retinal Detachment See an eye doctor immediately if you notice: Sudden flashes of light (like lightning streaks) A sudden increase in floaters (tiny spots or strings that move in your vision) A dark shadow or curtain over part of your vision Blurry or distorted vision Reduced side (peripheral) vision These symptoms are often painless but require urgent care. Causes and Risk Factors Retinal detachment can happen due to: 1. Tears or Holes in the Retina Often related to aging or lattice degeneration 2. Traction Scar tissue or pulling from inside the eye (common in people with diabetic eye disease) 3. Fluid Build-up Fluid leaks under the retina, pushing it away Risk Factors: Nearsightedness (myopia) Previous eye surgery (like cataract surgery) Eye trauma Family history of retinal detachment Lattice degeneration Aging (more common after age 50) Diagnosis An eye doctor will perform a dilated eye exam to look at your retina. Additional tests may include: OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) Ultrasound imaging (if there's bleeding) Treatment Options Retinal detachment usually needs surgery as soon as possible. Common procedures include: 1. Laser or Cryotherapy Seals small tears before they lead to detachment 2. Pneumatic Retinopexy A gas bubble is injected into the eye to push the retina back in place 3. Scleral Buckle A silicone band is placed around the eye to relieve pulling on the retina 4. Vitrectomy Removes the gel (vitreous) pulling on the retina and replaces it with a gas or oil bubble Your doctor will recommend the best treatment based on your specific case. Recovery Vision may improve gradually after surgery Some vision loss may be permanent if detachment was severe or prolonged Avoid heavy lifting and strenuous activity during healing Follow-up appointments are crucial Can It Be Prevented? You can’t always prevent retinal detachment, but you can lower your risk by: Getting regular eye exams, especially if you're nearsighted or have a family history Seeing an eye doctor immediately if you have symptoms Protecting your eyes from injury Managing diabetes and other health conditions

Retina & Vitreous Retina & Vitreous Vitreo-retinal diseases are conditions that affect structures inside the eye called the vitreous and the retina. The vitreous is the clear gel that fill the space between the lens and the retina. Retina is the light-sensitive layer in the back of the eye which forms image and transmit it to the brain through optic nerve. Vitreo-Retina Services You should see a Vitreo-Retina specialist if you have any of the following symptoms or you have been diagnosed with a vitreo-retinal condition during your routine eye examination. Symptoms can be any of the following: If you see flashes or sparks of light If you see floaters in the field of your vision Shadows or dimness in the peripheral vision Sudden loss of vision Difficulty in night vision Distortion of words while reading Blurring of central vision. Expertise in treating conditions of Vitreo-Retina Vitreo-retinal diseases are varied and may require different type of treatments. Other than the oral therapy and eye drops, such patients often require laser therapy, intravitreal injections in th eye or an eye surgery. Let’s discuss a few common ones: Diabetic Retinopathy: In patients of diabetes, abnormal blood vessels develop inside the eye which have tendency to bleed. Also, the blood supply to the eye is not enough in these patients leading to the release of a chemical called VEGF. Such patients require laser therapy to destroy those abnormal vessels and intravitreal injections to tackle the chemical VEGF. Age related macular degeneration: This condition involves the central portion of retina called the macula. This disease happens in old age. It can have a dry or wet form. Dry form has drusens and with atrophic changes, you might lose central vision. The wet form happens when blood vessels grow from underneath the macula. This condition is treatable with intravitreal injections. Retinal detachment: This is an urgent situation. Warning signs of retinal detachment may include flashes, floaters or sudden blurring of vision. It requires surgery as early as possible. Macular hole: In this condition, a hole develops in the centre of macula. This is the position where a normal person’s vision is the sharpest. In patients with macular hole, the central vision is affected. A macular hole can be successfully treated with surgery. Retina Lab at HOUSE OF VISION has state of the art diagnostic Imaging systems Spectral domain Optical Coherence tomography: Cross sectional images of the retina. OCT Angiography: This is a non-invasive dyeless angiography of the retina. Fundus photograph: 200 degrees of the retina can be easily visualised. Procedures and surgical treatment Intravitreal Anti-VEGF injections : These are required when there is swelling in the macula and in diseases of the blood vessels of the eye such as Diabetic retinopathy, Age related macular degeneration or vein occlusion. Laser therapy : Single spot and the latest multi-spot laser systems are used to treat conditions of retina. Multi-spot laser system allows faster completion of laser and causes less discomfort to the patient. Scleral buckling: For the treatment of retinal detachment. 3-D Micro-incision Vitreo-Retinal Surgery (3D-MIVS) : This allows for detailed and precise view of the retina. Retinal detachment, macular hole, diabetic vitrectomies and other complex surgeries are done under this futuristic surgical set up.

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DRY EYE SYNDROME What is Dry Eye Syndrome? Dry Eye Syndrome (also called dry eye disease) happens when your eyes don’t produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly. This can lead to discomfort, blurry vision, and even damage to the surface of the eye if left untreated. Common Symptoms Stinging, burning, or scratchy feeling in the eyes Redness Blurred or fluctuating vision Feeling like something is in your eye (foreign body sensation) Excessive tearing (a reflex to dryness) Sensitivity to light Difficulty wearing contact lenses Causes of Dry Eye Aging (especially post-menopause) Long screen time without blinking Environmental factors (wind, dry air, air conditioning) Certain medications (antihistamines, antidepressants, blood pressure meds) Medical conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome) LASIK or other eye surgeries Treatment Options 1. Artificial Tears (Lubricating Eye Drops) Over-the-counter Use regularly (even when your eyes feel fine) Preservative-free drops are best for frequent use 2. Prescription Eye Drops Cyclosporine or Lifitegrast to reduce inflammation Corticosteroid drops (short-term use) for severe dry eye disease. 3. Lifestyle & Home Remedies Blink often, especially when using screens Use a humidifier Wear wraparound glasses outdoors Stay hydrated Apply warm compresses to the eyes 4. Punctal Plugs Tiny devices inserted into tear ducts to help retain moisture on the eye surface 5. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Found in fish oil or flaxseed oil; may help improve tear quality 6. Other Advanced Treatments Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) therapy Meibomian gland expression (clearing blocked oil glands) 📝 Tips for Managing Dry Eyes ✅ Follow your doctor’s treatment plan ✅ Avoid smoke and windy environments ✅ Take frequent breaks during screen time. Follow 20:20:20 rule (take breaks every 20 minutes & look 20 feet away for 20 seconds) ✅ Avoid over-the-counter redness-relieving drops (they can worsen dryness) ✅ Don’t ignore symptoms—early treatment prevents complications